change as a social demotion. In 1975, Italy, instituted a family law that abolished the legal status of the man as head, equal partners. Moreover, we have to, keep in mind that the working and living conditions of ‘migrant’ fami-, heavy workload, because, among other reasons, their own parents lived, far away and were thus unable to offer assistance. La Suisse ailleurs. Both a sed-, entary bias and an orientalising way of looking at this kind of migration. Die, Universitäten der Schweiz und Deutschland angesichts des Studentinnenstroms aus dem, insurance company and later for a newspaper. , Zürich: Limmat Verlag 2015, 216–236. Die ersten Professorinnen für Frauen- und. not uncommon among working female academics. A publication from 1977 on Turkish couples in W. that ‘in such cases where wives have migrated prior to their husbands, the wife becomes the principal breadwinner and the husband the primary, Cristina Allemann-Ghionda, Conclusioni, in, De Marchi Oechslin, Donne italiane in Svizzera. Swiss citizenship when I was born in 1977. of immigration and so it follows that net migration of students is going to face major cuts; it is suggested that the current figure will be more than halved to 100,000 in four years ’ time (ibid). Bern at the beginning of the twentieth century, see Caroline Arni, in Politik und Gesellschaft der Nachkriegsschweiz, der Eidgenössischen Kommission für Frauenfragen. According to Ruramisai Char, ‘Hardegger was following the footsteps of many educated European, women who found an outlet in the colonies, where they could and did, For an analysis of the presence and perseverance of colonial structures and power, relations in a country like Switzerland that has not understood itself as an of, power, see, for instance, Patricia Purtschert, Francesca Falk, and Barbara Lüthi, Switzerland. Pletscher responded placatingly. Making Distinctions Between Migrants in Western Countries, International Publishing (Palgrave Macmillan) 2019. Demograa e Emgrazione nel Ticino in Epoca Moderna (secoli. ductive undertaking to systematically investigate how, in Switzerland, women with an experience of migration played a formative role in the, establishment of women’s and gender history. This, in turn, is hardly surprising, because if we were to look at the, lack of women’s voting rights, then Switzerland could no longer be, invited Nigerians could teach ‘democracy’ to Switzerland was obviously. riences of migration—understood in a broad sense. She was born in Germany and came to Switzerland, author, Bräuniger published ‘FrauenLeben Appenzell’, a book of 735, pages. Befreiungsperspektiven. Gesellschaftsforschung, in Yildiz and Hill, chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line, to the material. from everyone enrolling at the University of Zurich. In this context, female missionaries, female professionals, and mission-, ary wives were able to create a eld of activity of their own by ‘edu-, cating’ local girls and women and through medical work. (K3) The predominately Catholic Appenzell, Innerrhoden, with approximately 16,000 inhabitants today, and the largely, Protestant Ausserrhoden, with currently about 54,000 inhabitants, were the, last two Swiss cantons to introduce female suffrage. They owned an inn where the ‘intelligentsia’ of Appenzell met. According to Katharina Walgenbach, the German colonies were there-, fore less places of women’s liberation than scenes of subordination of the, racialized other. Both her grandfather and her father were watchmakers, an occupation, known for its association with socialist and anarchist ideas. Pletscher herself grew up in modest circumstances, as her, father died when she was ve. Stein was also a ‘migrant’. Eine soziologische Analyse am Beispiel, On the dangers of single stories, see Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, The Danger of a, to work outside the home if they belonged to a ‘migrant’ family than, icting demands of wage-work and family life well before this ques-, tion was debated in ‘mainstream’ Swiss society, Switzerland, therefore, the impact of migration on the development of, an infrastructure that made such ways of living possible should not be, In post-war Switzerland, there was, in fact, a broad and long-lasting, consensus about the temporary character of nurseries. On the other, movement describes the, desire for change and the organisations and alliances of people working, change that this book analyses. was pathologised, both in the colonial regions and in Europe itself. shape and delimit the possibility of individual and collective action. in various forms since the nineteenth century. Walter Leimgruber has repeatedly stressed the importance of such a perspective. These Indian nurses could then be regarded as protago-. At, the farewell in the village square in Trogen, she explained to Elisabeth, Pletscher that she was happy to be able to leave Switzerland, because it, was a provincial backwater. Against this, background, it appears evident that the colonial contexts of Swiss emi-, gration, and in particular their relation to gender inequality, need to be, In the case of Bertha Hardegger, for instance, gender discrimination, was directly related to her decision to leave Switzerland. est American women, almost all chose to include her on their list. ceeded in preventing a change in the composition of the editorial staff. Zuberbühler (who had even been invited to Napoleon’s coronation). But Paky’s goal to have, native women, preferably with a rural background, appear in newspaper, advertisements asking for female suffrage, in or. Both interviews were done in Italian. This, in turn, can differ depending on. Ruth Nattermann, Frauen in der, europäischen Friedensbewegung. After her Ph.D., she was unable to nd a teaching position. Moreover, I discuss what, the invitation of twelve Nigerian students in 1958 had to do with the, invisibilisation of democratic decits in Switzerland and how this can be. Der nächste Verbandswechsel wird damit deutlich angenehmer für den Bewohner. A Global Perspective on Continuities and Discontinuities from the 19th to the 21st, In German, the concept of ‘postmigrantism’ refers to the idea that today’s society is. In fact, a now-dominant, paradigm frequently leads to a situation where in public debate only, cross-border migration and movements of the ‘global proletariat’ are, perceived as migration. Thurgau. School of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of St. Gallen. As a justication for their attitude, municipal author-, ities emphasised that this was a task for the employers who had brought, in the ‘foreigners’, that nurseries would encourage mothers to work, (which was not perceived as desirable by the municipalities), and that, nurseries nanced with Swiss tax money would primarily benet foreign. see those who are better off without envy, closing the door to the idea of, Anne-Marie Stalder, Die Erziehung zur Häuslichkeit. Das interaktive Formular eignet sich zum Ausfüllen und Ausdrucken des Bildungsberichts sowie zum Abspeichern als elektronisches Belegsexemplar in der betriebseigenen Dateiverwaltungsstruktur. Zurich city police—that is obviously where ‘democracy’ can be learned. torians, but also social scientists studied such questions, see, for example, Mark James Miller, See, for example, Werner G. Zimmermann, Asyl in der Schweiz. Undisputed is that this mission was dened as, Margaret Strobel, Gender and Race in the Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century British. Postmigrantische Perspektiven jenseits der Parallelgesellschaft, Angelo Maiolino, Die ‘Tschinggen’ und die Schwarzenbach-Initiative. and professions, and/or to challenge unsustainable or untoward practices in education and professional practice more broadly, our current practices must be interrogated. Jahrhunder, Furthermore, the development of the requir, It has also been argued that the high regard for wage labour, https://www.parlament.ch/de/ratsbetrieb/suche-cu-. No matter how many degrees you have, you are simply “the, mother of…”’ Dinahlee Obey Siering, Ich bin in einem Land aufgewachsen, in welchem die. Just a few years later, the situation changed com-, she married an Austrian. the canton where I grew up (St. Gallen), boys received 380 more teach-, However, it was not only girls who were systematically disadvantaged, in their education. translation. Regarding the. She was also the initia-, tor of the petition that successfully opened the doors for women at the. In an, interview in 2007, she recalled that before and after her election she was, repeatedly described as a dirty N*, as Jovita dos Santos Pinto has pointed, eration. When I went to secondary school. Südafrika nirgends. Für eine postmigrantische Kultur-. Outraged, Stern sent a letter to Stalin and suc-. Researchers pointed out that, tion, it changed the identity of its participants: women across south-, eastern Nigeria would transcend both the limits of their particular village, and colonial administrative divisions by involving themselves in a mass, Van Allen, ‘Sitting on a Man’: Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo, movement. Kommission für Frauenfragen, Eidgenössische Drucksachen und Materialzentrale 1980, 5. Main: Helbling & Lichtenhand 1994, 275–315, 286. around 1910), it took several decades before a comparable level of, eign’ students on Swiss society is often made invisible, as the following, Marie Heim-Vögtlin became the rst female physician born in, as she managed to reconcile work and family, stood up for female suf, frage and co-founded the country’s rst gynaecological hospital. When I went to secondary school. The interview discusses the transformation of the Istanbul through the lens of political, This chapter introduces the theory of practice architectures and locates it within the theoretical terrain of practice theory. She is now Professor of Psychology at the. learn from this discussion to keep in mind the ambivalent situation that, on the one hand, ‘foreigners’ were often seen as strike-breakers and there. Afterwards, she stayed in the Canton of Ber, her death in 1951. Soa Kovalevskaia: Marie Heim-Vögtlin - die erste Schweizer Ärztin (1845–1916). The petition, however, had no con-, sequences. Regarding my background, I was clearly one of the privileged ones—, both my parents had a university degree. Mateos, Gleichgestellt? Über, Ausschaffungen, den ‘Austausch mit Afrika’, Alltagsrassismus und die Angst vor der, und Folgen eines Kolonialismus ohne Kolonien, In 1958, the National Council debated the vote to be held one year, later. But it seems very probable that it was there that her inter. In the same, year, she was asked to dismiss two co-editors of a scientic journal, as, it had been decided to greatly reduce the number of Jewish physicians, in leading positions. Renate Bräuniger, Elisabeth Pletscher (*1908) - kein Mangel an öffentli, the world. upon men for protection against other men. / 24.11. Ein, Pionnières de la Suisse moderne. / 11.12.2020 Für die Ausbildung von Lernenden im Betrieb müssen Berufsbildnerinnen und Berufsbildner über eine berufspädagogische Qualifikation verfügen (Art. through their commitment to education in home economics. aimed at instructing both Europe’s underclass and colonial subjects, while, at the same time, striving to establish bourgeois gender con, to raise their children ‘properly’. , Bielefeld: Transcript 2015, 9–16, 11. had been born in Saint Petersburg. , Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1970. The, reason for the defamatory attack was Stein’s harsh criticism of race the-, ories. Again, certain privileges intersected here, with specic forms of discriminations and produced a situation where, new political recongurations became possible—in this case, the political, This last example of a woman who lost her citizenship because she, married a ‘non-national’ shows that it can be heuristically produc-, tive, when studying migration, to include those experiences that do, not involve any actual physical movement. , Basel: Schwabe Verlag 2009, 123–133, 131. But Paky’s goal to have, native women, preferably with a rural background, appear in newspaper, advertisements asking for female suffrage, in or. tion of the various forms of discrimination. It is of course a subjective narrative that my mother presented dur-, ing the interview. All content in this area was uploaded by Francesca Falk on Mar 06, 2019, This series explores the history of migration, from antiquity to the, present day and across a wide geographical scope. Evgeny, At the Intersection of Modernities: Migrants as. A somewhat different picture is drawn in the resear, as well highly ambivalent. Restructuring in Italy, in Michel and Mahon, For such a perspective, see for example, Cristina Allemann-Ghionda, Conclusioni, in. italienischer Migrantinnen in der Schweiz der 1960er und 1970er Jahre, Verdienst leben zu können, macht die Erwerbsarbeit der Frauen fakultativ […]’. Übersicht: FaBe Kinderbetreuung 2015 Bereich: Arbeit mit betreuten Personen Richtziel 1.1: Bei der Körperpflege Unterstützung bieten oder sie stellvertretend übernehmen 1.1.1.A. La Berge, Medicalization and Moralization: The Creches of, Such a situation can in fact be observed in relation to German refugees in America and, England and the establishment of kindergartens: ‘In the long run, the suppression of liber, alism in the German states after the abortive attempts at revolution in 1848 beneted the, kindergarten movement, for it led to a widespread emigration of liberal-minded Germans, to America and Western European countries, and in many cases, notably in America and, England, the children of these emigrants became the rst pupils of kindergartners who, were seeking to promote Froebel’s ideas beyond the limits of their own country’. Elisabeth, ‘So zeigt sich, dass die zwei wohl wichtigsten strukturellen Besonderheiten der, Schweiz, die Einwanderung von Fremdarbeitern und der Bildungsrückstand, sich beide. In 1921, she became a, Swiss citizen. As I was writing this section, we. not only be brought to the fore where its inuence is obvious. in den 1970er Jahren, in Morawek and Krenn. as a model for mothers (though not in the same way for fathers). Eine Fallstudie zu sozialen, Die Schweiz anderswo. termination. As I was writing this section, we. be found—and this trend is not limited to cities. ‘awareness of alternatives’, as Peter Burke has pointed out. / 11.01. cept of intersectionality can also be used in a broader sense, to analyse situations where certain privileges intersect with specic ways, of discriminating and as a consequence, the potential for new social and, political congurations results. Instead, all elds of society have to be looked at differently: democracy, agricul-, ture, or, as is the case here, gender equality, ily a history of migration, which can be found in books that specically, address this topic, but a ‘migrantisation’ of our understanding of the, the point of view of a sedentary bias, then it inevitably becomes some-, thing that ‘needs to be xed’ by a certain set of policies: ‘The repres-, sive variant is tight border control, the more liberal one is addressing the, “root causes” of migration—especially poverty and violence in origin, Some of the thoughts I am developing here have already been presented in a very. With regard to the specic resources of the so-called second generation, see Rohit Jain, Kosmopolitische Pioniere: ‘Inder_innen der zweiten Generation’ aus der Schweiz zwischen, Assimilation, Exotik und globaler Moderne, For instance, assertions have been made which become much more com-. Das, , Universität Bern: Lizentiatsarbeit Schweizer, Sozio-kulturelle Probleme der Eingliederung italienischer Arbeitskräfte in, , Zürich: Rotpunktverlag 2014; Martina Marina, , Luzern: Rex 1992. In this context, she co-authored a list of publications by Swiss women. Studying these cases, in-depth would mean analysing their career paths, migration trajecto-, ries, and the networks that led these women to work at Swiss universities, as well as their impact within their elds and beyond. ence that still awaits a more thorough study. Swiss society is often made invisible, as this chapter shows. Andreina De Clementi, and Giovani e sole, della ricostruzione. Brigitte Studer has brilliantly explained these procedures in her essay on, practices and controversies surrounding the special legal treatment of, women according to their marital status. vor neuen Herausforderungen, in Picard, Chakkalakal, and Andris. economics can be followed throughout the nineteenth century. She came from Liberia and had lived, for two years in Washington, DC, before moving to Switzerland. In everyday language, migration is often understood as a move-, ment that involves a crossing of national borders. The colonial. In addition, in the entry on Nadeschda Suslowa it is stated, that, as a pioneer, she was a role model for many Russian women who, studied in Switzerland in the period leading up to the First the First, as a motor of equal rights is thus erased from history. 94–97; Rohit Jain and Shalini Randeria, Wider den Migrationskomplex—Perspektiven auf. Against this backdrop, it comes as no surprise that Hardegger saw the, independence of Lesotho in 1966 critically and returned to Switzerland. Regarding maternity protection, women in Italy have beneted from. Organ der freisinnig-demokratischen, , Dossier 3756/21, Polizeidirektion des Kantons Bern, Berner Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Heimatkunde, Switzerland has a system of semi-direct democracy, a factor that. Sie ist sehr sprachbegabt, sie konnte auch umstellen, sie konnte mehr. Cahiers d’histoire du mouvement ouvrier, , mainly on a visit to a centre for basic military training and the, The following statement from a discussion in the Swiss parlia. In spring, and autumn, the mothers’ and the other female members of the family, would stay away from the house all day long, leaving the small children, to the care of other children who, according to Ghiringhelli, were hardly, able to keep themselves upright. From the example of the hard-working housewife, who is happy to get away with a mere fteen-hour day, the family will. is considered to be Elisabeth Pletscher (1908–2003). Most importantly, a large number of "problems", in the countries of origin and settlement, is linked to the feminization of migration. negativ auf mögliche Emanzipationstendenzen auswirken’. Gayatri Spivak, Can the Subaltern Speak?, in Grossberg and Nelson. was in fact more progressive than Italy in the 1990s. By contrast, if a Swiss man married a ‘for-. This can be shown, for instance, in a report published in a Swiss magazine, racy’, it is reported that—in the context of the imminent independence—, an aid organisation (the later NGO Helvetas) had invited twelve Nigerian, students to Switzerland to teach them about democracy. In his tract on the introduction of compulsory domestic schooling, he, argued that the impoverishment of families was not caused by their mea-, gre income, but mainly by the incompetence of housewives: ‘The woman, does not know how to give the man a pleasant home and drives him, to the pub. torians, but also social scientists studied such questions, see, for example, Mark James Miller, See, for example, Werner G. Zimmermann, Asyl in der Schweiz. A good starting point is offered by Brigitte Studer, Caroline Arni, Walter Leimgruber, of immigration, a sedentary bias can, in fact, also be detected when the. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Frauen im. A sister died, due to the consequences of malnutrition, a brother disappeared. , Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press 2011, 99. Elisabeth Pletscher received an honorary doctorate degree from the University of St. Gallen in 1998. Ruth Nattermann, Frauen in der, europäischen Friedensbewegung. Neue Folge in fünfundzwanzig, Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Schweizerische Ärztezeitung/Bulletin des médecins suisses/, for her philosophical work and in 1999/2000, a path was, Der Doktorhut im Besenschrank. nomics was supposed to teach order, cleanliness, economy and diligence. Indeed, it can be argued that it was the presence of this, infrastructure that, together with other inuences, led to a progressive, life—whether adopted voluntarily or involuntarily—and the new infra-, structure that emerged to cater to these needs assumed a force of their, plete the revised picture of the relation between migration and gender, innovation in Switzerland, this chapter ends with an examination of the, personnel working in nurseries, this time focusing specically on male, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01626-5_4, The rst institution declared to be a ‘nursery’ (crèche) was opened in, Paris in 1844. ticular manner in which Black women are subordinated’. presence, they can sometimes be more easily perceived by newcomers. The present chapter, will show how some of the most prominent gures in the struggle for, female suffrage were related to experiences of migration (and more cases, Historians have long noted the seeming paradox that Switzerland, has (often without further reection) been held responsible for this, exceptionally late adoption of female suffrage. Merkmale zur Beurteilung der, Als die Italiener noch Tschinggen waren. the Territorialization of National Identity Among Scholars and Refugees, in Their Place. In colonial constellations, women were considered by the dominant, European ideology to be inferior within a race that was considered supe-, criminations and produced an ambiguous potential for new social and, political recongurations. The screenwriter and, main initiator behind the book on the lives of women in Appenzell was, Renate Bräuniger. came to Switzerland with her mother in 1886. again Ludwig Stein who helped Hoff and her mother to become Swiss, citizens. By invading his space, they forced him to pay, attention. The con-. domesticity in constant differentiation from racialised others. to change relationships between women, men, and children. Seeing society through the lens of migration alters the perspective from which our past and thus our present is told—and our future imagined. It addresses how migration has made new forms of life possible and shows how this process generated gender innovation in different fields: the changing division of work, the establishment of a nursery infrastructure, access to higher education for women, and the struggle for female suffrage. To help the temporarily orphaned children, the rst nurseries, were established. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. It was only in 1989 that, the male citizens of Appenzell Ausserrhoden narrowly voted for women’s, all (until 1990 only male) citizens, where public voting on cantonal matters. Bildungsplan Teil A: allgemeine Ziele 4 Allgemeine Ziele der beruflichen Grundbildung Fachfrau Betreuung/Fachmann Betreuung Die allgemeinen Leit-, Richt- und Leistungsziele gelten für alle Ausrichtungen der Ausbildung. Über eine gewollte. On the one hand, movement, means mobility or migration […]. Domestic education was, for instance, part of a comprehensive disci-, plinary process to instil bourgeois norms in the lower classes. The, for the hundredth anniversary of her death in 2016, a Swiss postage, her career choice are often omitted, as is the case, for instance, in the, broke off their engagement in 1867 and, soon after, married the afore, mentioned Nadeschda Suslowa that Marie Vögtlin decided that she, to Suslowa. through their commitment to education in home economics. Once again, the impact of migration on these processes becomes, clearly visible. The concept of citizenship, originally coined by Marshall, and synonymous with social rights and equality, is pivotal in understanding and overcoming the social injustices that many migrants experience. their gender discrimination on another level. In everyday language, migration is often understood as a move-, ment that involves a crossing of national borders. In the years 1867–1914, between 5000 and 6000 women from the, rst Swiss university to allow women to attend, the professors open-. / 11.12.2020 Für die Ausbildung von Lernenden im Betrieb müssen Berufsbildnerinnen und Berufsbildner über eine berufspädagogische Qualifikation verfügen (Art. Two experiences of, tion—and such internal migration is often neglected in historical research—, from one of the biggest cities in Switzerland to a rural area, which led to an, intensive experience of discrimination. The focus is on Europe because on the one hand long term data are available, and on the other hand the debates on feminization of migration are concentrated in Europe. For instance, emancipatory demands were incorporated under ver, cic conditions, in a way that the exibilisation of working hours, an important feminist, demand of the new women’s movement, led to the fact that employers now have more, easily access to workers at home. The local women appeared, to the European colonisers to be workhorses: carr, It is well known that colonialism legitimised itself as a civilising mis-. Making Distinctions Between Migrants in Western Countries, International Publishing (Palgrave Macmillan) 2019. Before coming to Zurich, Thomas had been refused a Ph.D. at. It is located to the north of the main, university building and is only 90 metres long. And still, core times have not, been generally introduced. / 26.01. The predominately Catholic Appenzell, Innerrhoden, with approximately 16,000 inhabitants today, and the largely, Protestant Ausserrhoden, with currently about 54,000 inhabitants, were the, last two Swiss cantons to introduce female suffrage. There are still signicant research gaps in this regard, even if there exists, for instance, some research analysing the impact of political refugees on, However, such a perspective has so far rarely been applied systemat, nal matter in Switzerland. In 2014, I interviewed the daughter of Ottilia Paky-Sutter. Without this book (and especially the chapter written by Verena, Mock and Renate Bräuniger), my comments on the introduction of, women’s voting rights in Appenzell would not have been possible in this, form. , Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press 2002, Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood. Als weisse Ärztin, Therefore, certain privileges intersected with specic forms of dis-, The relationship between mission and gender innovation is here. Therefore, she worked for an, In what follows, see Simon Moreillon, Sophie Piccard (1904–1990), in Adler, Parzer, Slatkine 2014, 159–163; Natalia Tikhonov Sigrist, Deux Suissesses de l'étranger, pionnières. of care work is comparatively low in Switzerland. Purtschert outlines how the house-, wife emerges as the white head of a ‘civilised’ and consumer-oriented. The women’s traditional base of political. !” “Because it’s only for men”, was, my argument. De facto haben heute aber in diesem Theater der nationalen Eitelkeit bloß die Schauspieler gewechselt, die Rollen sind geblieben. In particular, before 1964, it was often not possible for ‘migrants’ to. Es liess sich nicht vermeiden, weil dies in ursächlichen Zusammenhang, mit der Ausländerpraxis der Stadt steht. Shermin Langhoff originally coined this term. Kiani, and Leena Schmitter, Frauenbewegung. Such, unequal treatment also had an impact on children. By invading his space, they forced him to pay, attention. In his tract on the introduction of compulsory domestic schooling, he, argued that the impoverishment of families was not caused by their mea-, gre income, but mainly by the incompetence of housewives: ‘The woman, does not know how to give the man a pleasant home and drives him, to the pub. , Zürich: Limmat Verlag 2013, 132–141, 139. Consolidation in Africa, in: 89, 355 (1990), 183–203, 183. riences of migration—understood in a broad sense. The question therefore arises as to whether, such differences map less onto language borders than onto the dif, To complete the revised picture of the relation between migration and, gender innovation in Switzerland, we will now turn to the personnel, working in nurseries, this time focusing specically on male staff mem-, men to work in nurseries, because as a social institution, it should reect, Inés Mateos, Gleichgestellt? , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2015, 157–178, 157. as accurately as possible, to ensure that really only those mothers will be. Another example that shocked my mother concerned the didac-, tic content of schoolwork itself. In addition, the alleged effects of mothers’ working on children’s health, for instance, in no other region of Switzerland did one see so many deaf, done by the women, who would often carry the heaviest bur, their backs uphill and downhill even on the day of their parturition, to, the clumsiness of the midwives, and to bad childcare in general.

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